Kisspeptin: The Definitive Guide

The brain signal that starts the reproductive hormone chain: protocols, research and real experiences.

Kisspeptin at a glance.

Kisspeptin-10 is a 10-amino-acid chain (Tyr-Asn-Trp-Asn-Ser-Phe-Gly-Leu-Arg-Phe-NH2; C63H83N17O14; 1,302.4 g/mol). It switches on the kisspeptin receptor on GnRH-releasing brain cells; in healthy men one intravenous dose roughly tripled LH within 30 minutes, and a nonstop pump lost its LH effect within five days while an 8-hour daily pump still worked at day 12. Most-cited protocol: 100–200 mcg of kisspeptin-10 per subcutaneous injection, daily or two to three times a week, for about 4–8 weeks, then a break. Human evidence: dozens of short studies; IVF trials used kisspeptin-54. Status: not approved anywhere; FDA compounding Category 2; banned in sport for males.

Kisspeptin

Named after KiSS-1, the gene that makes it. The 54-amino-acid form is also called metastin.

Forms: kisspeptin-10 (KP-10) and kisspeptin-54 (KP-54) · Receptor: KISS1R, formerly GPR54

Kisspeptin-10: 10 amino acids C₆₃H₈₃N₁₇O₁₄ 1,302.4 g/mol Synthetic copy of a natural fragment (the body also makes 54-, 14- and 13-amino-acid forms)

Not a steroid, not GnRH (gonadorelin) and not hCG

Y, tyrosine (Tyr), position 1, aromatic
N, asparagine (Asn), position 2, polar
W, tryptophan (Trp), position 3, aromatic
N, asparagine (Asn), position 4, polar
S, serine (Ser), position 5, polar
F, phenylalanine (Phe), position 6, aromatic
G, glycine (Gly), position 7, nonpolar
L, leucine (Leu), position 8, nonpolar
R, arginine (Arg), position 9, positively charged
F, phenylalanine (Phe), position 10, aromatic

The chain ends in an amide (NH2) instead of a free acid.

Aromatic(ring-shaped side chain): Tyr, Trp, Phe
Polar(uncharged, water-loving): Asn, Ser
Positively chargedArg
NonpolarGly (small), Leu (water-avoiding)

Bead positions show order, not 3D structure. Kisspeptin-54 has the same last 10 amino acids plus 44 more.

How it works

Hormone responses measured in people; receptor details from genetic, cell and animal research

Starts the chain
Switches on its receptor on brain cells that release GnRH.
Human genetics and cell research
LH rises fast
One IV kisspeptin-10 dose roughly tripled LH within 30 minutes in healthy men.
Human study (6 men)
Pattern matters
A nonstop pump's LH effect was gone by day 5; 8 hours a day still worked at day 12.
Human study (2026, small)

Discussed for

Testosterone without TRT, testicle function on TRT, fertility and libido; IVF egg trigger in research

Most-cited protocol

100–200 mcg per injectionKisspeptin-10 · subcutaneous · daily or 2–3× a week · about 4–8 weeks, then a break

Most common pattern in the reviewed sources

Human evidence

Dozens of short studiesLH and testosterone rise for hours to days; IVF trigger trials used kisspeptin-54

No long-term, TRT or flat-dose kisspeptin-10 injection trials

Status

Not approved anywhere
FDA compounding Category 2 (kisspeptin-10)
Banned in sport for males at all times (WADA S2.2.1, since 2024)

Conceptual summary: bead positions show the order of kisspeptin-10's 10 amino acids, not a 3D structure. The hormone responses in the mechanism panel were measured in people; the receptor details come from cell and animal research.

Published by DoserlyUpdated September 27, 2026Next scheduled review: December 202645 min readHow this guide was made

In this guide

Key takeaways

What it is: a natural brain hormone that tells the body to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), the signals that run the testicles and ovaries. The version sold online is a lab-made 10-amino-acid fragment, kisspeptin-10. It is not an approved medicine anywhere.
Typical protocol: the most common amount in the reviewed sources is 100–200 mcg of kisspeptin-10 per subcutaneous injection, given either daily or two to three times a week for about 4–8 weeks, then a break. These schedules come from protocol websites, not clinical trials.
Route and half-life: protocols use subcutaneous injection; research also used infusions into a vein and a nasal spray. Kisspeptin-10's half-life in the blood is about 4 minutes, and the longer kisspeptin-54 used in most trials about 28 minutes.
Evidence: dozens of small human studies show it raises LH within minutes, and a kisspeptin-54 injection has triggered egg maturation in in vitro fertilisation (IVF) trials. No trial has tested the flat-microgram kisspeptin-10 schedules sold online, and none has tested it in men on testosterone therapy.
Safety: short studies reported few side effects, but most lasted hours or days. Repeated or continuous exposure can switch the response off (desensitization), and product quality is a real concern.
Legal status: not approved in the United States, Canada, Australia or New Zealand; the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lists kisspeptin-10 among compounding ingredients with significant safety risks. Banned in sport for men at all times since 2024.

Jump to protocols · Risks and legal status · Common questions

What is kisspeptin?

Kisspeptin is a hormone the brain makes to switch on the reproductive system. It tells the brain's hormone centre to release the signals that make the testicles produce testosterone and sperm, and the ovaries mature and release eggs. People discuss it for testosterone, fertility and sexual desire.

The body makes kisspeptin as a long peptide (a chain of amino acids) that is cut into several active lengths: 54, 14, 13 and 10 amino acids. The name comes from KiSS-1, the gene that makes it, which researchers in Hershey, Pennsylvania, found in 1996 while studying melanoma cells that stopped spreading; accounts of the discovery say they named it after the town's famous chocolate Kisses. In 2001 research teams showed that its peptides switch on a receptor then called GPR54, now called the kisspeptin receptor. [1] [2] [3] [4]

Its role in reproduction became clear in 2003, when families whose members never went through puberty turned out to have faulty copies of that receptor; in 2012 a family with a faulty kisspeptin gene itself was found to have the same problem. [5] [6] [7] Later reports show it is not always permanent: a small 2026 report on two unrelated families with a faulty kisspeptin gene (four affected people) described two of three affected brothers, both treated with testosterone as teenagers, whose reproductive hormone function recovered and stayed recovered off treatment through up to nine years of follow-up, with sperm production starting on its own. [143] [144] The same report described a woman who had two uneventful pregnancies after fertility treatment with pulses of GnRH, the hormone kisspeptin normally triggers, even though she and her son both carried the faulty gene. Based on these families, the authors concluded that kisspeptin is not essential in humans for adult reproductive hormone function or for a normal placenta. [143] Researchers have since given kisspeptin to people in dozens of studies, mostly the longer kisspeptin-54. The version sold online and by some clinics is the shortest, kisspeptin-10. Both are investigational: FDA's 2024 review found no approved kisspeptin-10 medicine in any country. [8]

Conceptual illustration of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland at the base of the brain, with signals running down to a testicle and an ovary. It shows anatomy, not a measured effect of kisspeptin. — Kisspeptin works at the top of a chain: kisspeptin nerve cells in the hypothalamus trigger GnRH, the pituitary answers with LH and FSH, and the testicles or ovaries respond. This generated illustration explains anatomy; it is not clinical evidence.

Typical Kisspeptin Protocols

Subcutaneous injection (into the fatty layer under the skin) · kisspeptin-10 alone · Amounts in micrograms (mcg) per injection [9] [10]
Example	Amount each time	Frequency	Weekly total	Duration
Low	100 mcg	Twice a week	200 mcg	Up to 8 weeks, then 4 weeks off
Mid	100 mcg	Three times a week	300 mcg	4–6 weeks, then 4 weeks off
High	100 mcg, then 200 mcg	Once daily	700 mcg, then 1,400 mcg	8–12 weeks in total 100 mcg daily for weeks 1–2, then 200 mcg daily

The most common amount in the reviewed sources is 100–200 mcg of kisspeptin-10 per subcutaneous injection, given either once a day or two to three times a week, for about 4–8 weeks followed by a break. [11] [12] [9] [13]

Titration Changing the amount in steps: Daily schedules usually start at 100 mcg for the first two weeks, then move to 200 mcg once daily; one page moves to 200–300 mcg. Intermittent schedules start lower, at 50 mcg twice a week for four weeks, and treat fewer injections per week, not a bigger amount, as the response to an effect that fades. [10] [14] [13] [9]
Breaks and cycles: Sources describe 4 weeks off after a 4–6-week course, 4–8 weeks off after 8–12 weeks, or 30 days on and 30 days off. Pages that explain their breaks usually cite desensitization; no study has tested whether a break restores the response. [9] [15] [16]

Read the units: mcg means micrograms; 1 mg equals 1,000 mcg. Because the schedules differ in how many days a week they use, the table shows a weekly total rather than a daily one. The amounts refer to kisspeptin-10, not kisspeptin-54, and not a blend with other peptides.

Each row is a complete schedule as published, so its amount, frequency and course length belong together. Low, mid and high are alternatives, not steps to move through. These schedules come from protocol websites rather than clinical trials, and they are far from the amounts and routes used in human studies; the cited references give the full details. [8]

Cautions for every schedule above. No study has tested these schedules, and none has tested kisspeptin in men on testosterone therapy. Nonstop exposure can blunt the response: in a 2026 pump study in men, LH had fallen back to placebo levels by day five when the pump never switched off, and in rats, 13 days of continuous kisspeptin-54 damaged the sperm-producing tubules of the testicles. [26] [108] Kisspeptin can move the timing of ovulation, which matters for anyone trying to conceive or relying on cycle timing. [62] It has not been studied in pregnancy, breastfeeding, or anyone with a pituitary tumour or a hormone-sensitive cancer, and people under 18 have only been given single test doses in research clinics. Do not stop or swap prescribed testosterone, hCG or fertility medicines for it without talking to your prescriber. Vials sold online are "research use only" products without a medicine's quality checks. [110] [83] A mix-up between micrograms, milligrams and syringe units can multiply a dose; Doserly's reconstitution calculator shows each step. Kisspeptin is banned for male athletes at all times. [121] Read the full risks section

Where protocols differ: daily versus weekly, kisspeptin-10 versus kisspeptin-54, and study doses ↓

Where these numbers come from

The low and mid rows come from PeptideDeck's kisspeptin chart, which labels the three-times-weekly schedule its most common protocol and describes the twice-weekly schedule as a maintenance option of up to 8 weeks followed by 4 weeks off. The high row comes from Peptides.ID. The same two-step daily schedule appears on PeptideDosage.org, PeptideDosages and PepGuru, so we count it as one schedule, not four independent confirmations. [9] [10] [11] [14] [15]

We reviewed 41 public dosing pages that make 62 distinct dose statements, and found 15 groups of pages that repeat one another. Across the 23 statements that give a single flat amount per injection, the middle value is 100 mcg. That describes what the pages say, not a tested or safe dose. Amounts given per kilogram of body weight or in nanomoles, nasal amounts per spray and blend amounts were kept out of the comparison. [12] [17] [18]

Higher amounts. A few pages go well above the table: 500 mcg daily for 4–8 weeks, 500 mcg once or twice daily, or 400–500 mcg two to three times a day for 2–4 weeks. They are isolated and do not define the typical comparison. [19] [20] [16]

Inconsistent pages. Some pages contradict themselves. One lists the frequency as "2–3× daily or every other day" on the same page, and a dosing calculator pre-fills "every other day" while its own table says once daily. We preserve these conflicts rather than choosing whichever number fits. [13] [21]

Open the searchable source directory

What is kisspeptin commonly used for?

Most people who look into kisspeptin want their own hormone system to do more: to raise testosterone without starting testosterone therapy, to keep the testicles working while on it, to restart hormone production afterwards, or to improve fertility or sexual desire. Women discuss it for fertility, irregular cycles, libido and perimenopause.

What these uses share is where kisspeptin acts: at the very top of the hormone chain. That is its appeal and its limit. It can only work if the parts below it, the pituitary gland and the testicles or ovaries, are able to respond. The reports below describe why people use it; the human research section shows what has actually been tested.

Raising testosterone without starting TRT

This is the largest group in public discussions: men with low or borderline testosterone who want to try something before testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). The hope is that a stronger signal from the brain will make the testicles produce more of their own testosterone. [22] [23] [24]

Kisspeptin does raise LH and testosterone in healthy men for the hours or days it is given, mostly by infusion into a vein. What no study has tested is whether flat-dose injections of kisspeptin-10 raise testosterone in men with low testosterone over weeks. In public accounts, men who checked their blood with kisspeptin alone often saw little or no change, while larger rises usually involved another drug such as enclomiphene. [25] [26] [22] [27]

Keeping the testicles working on TRT

Testosterone therapy tells the brain and pituitary to stop sending LH and FSH, the signals the testicles need to make their own testosterone and sperm. Some men and clinics use kisspeptin hoping to keep that signal going. [28] [29] [30]

The problem is that kisspeptin acts above the pituitary, which TRT is suppressing. hCG acts directly on the testicles instead. Two men who measured LH while taking TRT and kisspeptin reported that it stayed at zero, and several who tried both preferred hCG. No study has tested kisspeptin alongside TRT. [31] [32] [33] [34] The figure below shows where each option acts.

Kisspeptin, gonadorelin, enclomiphene and hCG act at different levels of the same chain, and testosterone therapy turns down the LH and FSH signals from the upper steps. — Kisspeptin, gonadorelin, enclomiphene and hCG act at different points in the same chain. Testosterone therapy turns down the LH and FSH signals from the upper steps, so options that work through the brain or pituitary have less to act on. Where each acts comes from human physiology; the figure does not show how well any option works. Sources: KP10 in men · Testosterone feedback in men · Gonadorelin UK label · hCG US label · Enclomiphene trials · FDA kisspeptin-10 review.

Male fertility and restarting after TRT or steroids

Men trying to conceive, or trying to restart their own hormones after stopping TRT or anabolic steroids, often add kisspeptin to combinations with hCG, human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG, a fertility medicine with FSH and LH activity) and enclomiphene. [35] [36]

No study has measured sperm counts or pregnancies after kisspeptin in men. In public accounts, one man who took kisspeptin alone for six weeks after stopping TRT said it did not bring back his LH and FSH, and then switched to hCG and hMG; another man's semen results improved while he was also taking hCG, so kisspeptin's share cannot be separated. [35] [36]

Libido and sexual desire

This is where kisspeptin has its most interesting human research. In two controlled experiments, a 75-minute infusion of kisspeptin-54 into a vein changed how the brains of women and men with low sexual desire responded to sexual images, compared with a dummy infusion. In the men, erection swelling measured during the experiment was up to 56% greater than with the dummy infusion. [37] [38]

Those were single infusions in a laboratory, not weeks of home injections, and they did not measure whether desire improved in everyday life. Public accounts describe fast libido effects, sometimes within a day, that often faded within weeks. [39] [40] See what people report.

Women's fertility, cycles and IVF

Kisspeptin-54 has been tested as the "trigger" injection in IVF, the shot given to make eggs mature before collection. In a first trial, one injection produced embryos that were transferred in 49 of 53 women, and 12 babies were born. It was then tested in women at high risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), a dangerous over-reaction of the ovaries to fertility drugs. [41] [42]

Outside IVF clinics, women discuss it for irregular or missing periods, PCOS and trying to conceive. Research in women whose periods stopped because of stress, weight loss or heavy exercise (hypothalamic amenorrhea) shows it can restart LH pulses for hours, but not that it restores periods; in a small PCOS study, 2 of 12 women ovulated. [43] [44] Public reports include pregnancies, painful ovaries and changes in cycle timing. [45] [46] [47]

Conceptual cross-section of an ovary showing follicles at different stages, including one large follicle holding a maturing egg. It shows anatomy, not a measured effect of kisspeptin. — In IVF, a trigger injection makes the eggs inside mature follicles ready for collection. Kisspeptin-54 does this indirectly, by making the woman's own pituitary release a surge of LH. This generated illustration explains anatomy; the IVF results come from human trials.

Perimenopause and menopause

Some women in perimenopause use kisspeptin for night sweats, irregular periods or libido, and a few report they feel better. [48] [49] After menopause the ovaries stop releasing eggs, and LH and FSH are already high. A single kisspeptin-10 injection into a vein raised LH more in postmenopausal women than in younger women. In a 24-hour infusion study, LH did not rise in postmenopausal women without estrogen treatment; in women given estradiol, LH pulses grew larger later in the infusion. Neither study measured symptoms, and no study has tested kisspeptin as a treatment for night sweats, hot flushes or other menopause symptoms. [50] [51]

Testing how the reproductive system works

Kisspeptin has also been studied as a diagnostic test in research clinics. Because kisspeptin tests the brain's hormone centre while gonadorelin tests the pituitary, researchers use a kisspeptin injection to find out where the system is failing, for example to tell apart a lifelong condition from a slow start to puberty. [52] [53]

Other uses you may come across

Weight loss, fatty liver, mood, brain injury and muscle building appear in sales pages and discussions. Human studies found no effect of a kisspeptin infusion on appetite or anxiety. FDA's review noted that clinic websites advertise kisspeptin-10 for weight loss; none of the human studies reviewed for this guide tested weight loss. [54] [55] [8]

Where do kisspeptin protocols differ?

The per-injection amounts are easier to summarize than everything around them. Sources disagree about which kisspeptin they mean, how often to inject, whether to step up, and how long to run a course. Here is what each difference means when you read a protocol.

Kisspeptin-10 or kisspeptin-54: which one is being dosed?

Almost every protocol website and community account uses kisspeptin-10. Most of the human research, including the IVF, sexual-desire and amenorrhea trials, used kisspeptin-54. They switch on the same receptor, but they are different molecules, and kisspeptin-54 lasts several times longer in the blood. When the two were infused into a vein at the same rate in healthy men, they raised LH and FSH by similar amounts, and both less than GnRH did. [56] [57] [58]

Many pages cite kisspeptin-54 trials, or kisspeptin-10 infusions into a vein, to support flat microgram subcutaneous injections of kisspeptin-10. Those studies did not test those schedules, so their results cannot be carried across. [8] [37]

Every day, or two or three times a week?

This is the biggest split. Some pages describe one injection every day; others describe two or three a week and warn against daily use. The pages that argue for fewer injections point to research on desensitization, the way a hormone signal that never switches off stops working. [10] [9] [59]

That research is real, but it did not test these schedules. Twice-daily kisspeptin-54 injections lost most of their effect within two weeks in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea, and with a nonstop kisspeptin-10 pump, healthy men's LH was back to placebo levels by day five, while twice-weekly injections and a pump running eight hours a day kept working. Healthy women given twice-daily injections for a week kept having menstrual cycles. [60] [61] [62] [26] No study has compared daily and three-times-weekly injections of kisspeptin-10.

How often kisspeptin was given changed the LH response in small human studies; none tested website schedules. — How often kisspeptin was given changed what happened to LH in small human studies. None of these studies used the flat-dose kisspeptin-10 injections that websites describe, so they explain the desensitization concern without settling the best schedule. Sources: Twice daily, amenorrhea · Twice weekly, 8 weeks · Pump study in men, 2026 · Healthy women's cycles · 24-hour infusion in men.

Is the number for one injection, one day or one week?

100 mcg three times a week is 300 mcg a week. 200 mcg every day is 1,400 mcg a week. Two protocols that both say "100–200 mcg" can differ nearly fivefold in the total amount given. That is why the table above shows weekly totals. [9] [10]

Do sources start low and step up?

Most do. The daily schedule starts at 100 mcg for two weeks and then doubles to 200 mcg; one version goes to 200–300 mcg. The intermittent schedule starts at 50 mcg twice a week to see whether there is any response at all, and its authors say that if an effect fades, the fix is fewer injections, not more. Those two approaches point in opposite directions, and neither has been tested. [14] [13] [9]

One study hint cuts against "more is better": in healthy men given single injections of kisspeptin-10 into a vein, 1 microgram per kilogram of body weight raised LH the most, and the next dose up, 3 micrograms per kilogram, raised it less. [25]

How many weeks, and why the breaks?

A course is the period of repeated use; a cycle is that course plus a planned break. Courses range from 4–6 weeks to 8–12 weeks, and breaks from 4 weeks to "30 days on, 30 days off". Pages that explain the break usually say it lets the receptor recover, and none cites a study that measured recovery after a break of that length. [9] [15] [16] [63]

How do website amounts compare with the doses used in studies?

Studies usually dose by body weight, often in nanomoles per kilogram (a count of molecules rather than a weight), and often by infusion into a vein. FDA's 2024 review found that about 300 people had been given kisspeptin-10 in published studies, most often as a single test dose into a vein of about 0.31 mcg per kilogram, and that no published study had given kisspeptin-10 on a fixed schedule for more than one day. [8] Since then, a 2026 study ran a subcutaneous pump for 12 days. [26]

Study	What was given	Amount and schedule	Who
IVF trigger trial	Kisspeptin-54, subcutaneous	One injection, 3.2–12.8 nmol/kg; most eggs at 12.8, highest pregnancy rates at 9.6	60 women at high OHSS risk [42]
Amenorrhea trial	Kisspeptin-54, subcutaneous	6.4 nmol/kg twice a day for 2 weeks	10 women (5 given saline) [60]
Sexual desire trials	Kisspeptin-54, intravenous	1 nmol/kg per hour for 75 minutes, once	32 women; 32 men [37] [38]
Dose-finding study	Kisspeptin-10, intravenous	Single injections of 0.01–3 mcg/kg; infusions for up to 22.5 hours	Healthy men, 4–6 per group [25]
Pump study	Kisspeptin-10, subcutaneous pump	150 nmol per hour for 8 hours a day, 12 days	7 healthy men [26]
Nasal spray study	Kisspeptin-54, intranasal	Single sprays of 3.2–25.6 nmol/kg	34 men and women [64]

These are amounts given to people in supervised research, not self-use schedules. Converting them into a flat number of micrograms for a home injection would not reproduce the study conditions.

Why do some pages give a dose per kilogram?

Some pages copy study doses per kilogram of body weight, or convert a kisspeptin-54 dose in nanomoles into micrograms on a kisspeptin-10 page. Because the two molecules differ in size, in how long they last and in how they were given, a per-kilogram number from a kisspeptin-54 study does not translate into a subcutaneous kisspeptin-10 injection. [65] [66] [16] [58]

How do micrograms convert to syringe units?

Many people measure doses in "units" on an insulin syringe. A U-100 syringe has 100 units per millilitre, so units measure volume, not an amount of kisspeptin. How much each unit holds depends on how much liquid went into the vial.

For example, 10 mg (10,000 mcg) mixed into 2 mL gives 5,000 mcg per mL, or 50 mcg per unit, so 100 mcg is 2 units. The same 100 mcg from a 5 mg vial mixed into 2.5 mL is 5 units. A number of units copied from someone else's protocol can therefore be wrong by more than double. Doserly's reconstitution calculator works this out for any vial and shows each step. [63] [9]

Where do the sources disagree most?

Frequency: daily versus two or three times a week, with each side citing desensitization. [10] [59]
Weekly total: from 200 mcg to 1,400 mcg in the common schedules, and far higher on a few pages. [19]
Which molecule the evidence supports: kisspeptin-10 pages routinely cite kisspeptin-54 research. [8]
Course length and breaks: 4 to 12 weeks on, 4 to 8 weeks off, with no measured basis for either. [9] [15]

Registered study plans and repeated-dose research

Research groups are now testing kisspeptin-10 given in pulses by a small subcutaneous pump, which copies the body's own pattern of release more closely than one daily injection. These are study plans or completed studies without posted results, not protocols. Registry dates describe the records, checked on September 23, 2026.

Subcutaneous pump · Phase 2

Pulses every 60–240 minutes for two weeks

Kisspeptin-10 in people with lifelong low reproductive hormones (idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism), with a single injection of leuprolide as a comparison. Planned for 36 people.

Recruiting. Last registry update: July 2026. No results posted.

[67]

Subcutaneous pump · Phase 2

Pulses about every 90 minutes for two weeks

Kisspeptin-10 in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. Planned for 20 people; the record does not state the amount per pulse.

Recruiting. Last registry update: July 2026. No results posted.

[68]

Subcutaneous pump · Phase 1

Pulses about every 90 minutes for two weeks in 13 people

Kisspeptin-10 in 13 people with reproductive disorders.

Completed. Last registry update: October 2025. No results posted.

[69]

Intravenous pulses · Phase 2

20 doses over 40 hours

Kisspeptin-10 at four randomly ordered dose levels in 18 people with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

Completed; results posted. Last registry update: August 2026.

[70]

Intravenous or subcutaneous · Phase 1

Single doses and infusions of up to 12 hours

A Massachusetts General Hospital physiology study of kisspeptin-10 with 256 participants enrolled, used to study how the hormone chain works rather than to treat a condition. Later journal papers, such as the oxytocin study, report results from it.

Completed. Last registry update: July 2024. No results posted on the registry.

[71]

Subcutaneous pump · record in doubt

Continuous infusion for 8 days

A London study of kisspeptin by pump at 0.1, 0.3 or 1.0 nmol/kg per hour in women, planned for 76 people.

Listed as recruiting, but the study began in 2014 and the record was last updated in September 2024, so the status is probably out of date.

[72]

The pharmaceutical analogues MVT-602 (also called TAK-448) and TAK-683 are longer-lasting lab-designed versions (analogues). Given as continuous subcutaneous infusions, both drove testosterone down, in TAK-448's case into the range seen after castration, which is the opposite of what kisspeptin-10 users want. In women, a single MVT-602 injection produced a much longer LH rise than kisspeptin-54, peaking at about 21 hours instead of about 5. Development of MVT-602 for infertility in Germany was stopped in 2023. [73] [74] [75] [76]

What happens when you stop kisspeptin?

This has barely been studied. No study has looked for withdrawal or rebound effects after stopping kisspeptin, and none has followed people after a course of several weeks. What exists are short checks at the end of research schedules, and one small study that followed healthy women through the rest of their cycle after a week of injections. [8] [62]

The peptide clears quickly; the hormone response lasts longer. Blood levels of kisspeptin halve within about 4 minutes (kisspeptin-10) or about 28 minutes (kisspeptin-54), and a single kisspeptin-54 injection in IVF produced an LH surge lasting about 12 to 14 hours. [56] [57] [77]
The pituitary kept working. Women with hypothalamic amenorrhea who had become desensitized to twice-daily kisspeptin-54 still responded to a GnRH test afterwards, and healthy women given it for a week responded normally to GnRH a day after their last injection and kept cycling. [60] [62]
Responses were still there after repeated use. In the 2026 pump study, a kisspeptin-10 injection still raised LH and FSH after 12 days of daily pump infusions. [26]
Community accounts point both ways. Some people said the libido effect stopped as soon as they stopped injecting, one described "a crash", one said libido stayed better than before, and one said anxiety eased after stopping. These accounts mix kisspeptin with TRT, hCG and other compounds. [34] [78] [79] [80]

One plan to hold every step of a course. Kisspeptin schedules change from week to week: a starting amount, a step up, injection days that are not every day, and a planned break. Doserly keeps the whole course in one place and reminds you on the right days.

Is kisspeptin injected, or is there a nasal spray?

Protocol websites and community accounts almost all describe subcutaneous injection (into the fatty layer under the skin). Research has used more routes: intravenous infusion (into a vein), subcutaneous injection and pumps, and a nasal spray. Each gives the body a different pattern of exposure, and with kisspeptin the pattern matters as much as the amount.

Why does kisspeptin wear off so quickly?

Half-life is the time it takes for the level in the blood to fall by half. For kisspeptin-10 given into a vein it is about 4 minutes: 3.8 minutes in men and 4.1 minutes in women. For kisspeptin-54 it is about 28 minutes. [56] [57]

The hormone response lasts longer than the peptide. Thirty minutes after a single injection of kisspeptin-10 into a vein, LH had roughly tripled, and one kisspeptin-54 injection in IVF produced an LH surge lasting about 12 to 14 hours. A short half-life is also why some researchers give kisspeptin in repeated pulses, the way the brain releases its own signals, rather than as one dose. [25] [77] [67]

Kisspeptin blood levels halve within minutes, but the LH response it triggers can last hours. — Blood levels of kisspeptin-10 halve in about 4 minutes and those of kisspeptin-54 in about 28 minutes, while the LH response they trigger can last hours. Half-lives were measured in people after infusion into a vein; the surge duration comes from IVF trials of kisspeptin-54 injections. Sources: Kisspeptin-10 half-life · Kisspeptin-54 half-life · IVF LH surge.

None of the reviewed studies reports the bioavailability of subcutaneous kisspeptin-10 (how much of an injected dose reaches the blood compared with a dose into a vein) or a full pharmacokinetic profile for it. One study in women did measure blood levels after single subcutaneous injections: kisspeptin stayed raised for up to 90 minutes. The same study holds a warning sign: in the follicular phase (the first half of the menstrual cycle, before ovulation), those injections, at up to 32 nmol/kg (about 42 mcg per kilogram), produced no hormone response at all. [56] [8]

Does a nasal spray work?

A research spray of kisspeptin-54 raised LH within minutes in a 2025 controlled study of 12 men, 12 women and 10 women with hypothalamic amenorrhea, with no side effects reported. The rise was smaller in healthy women than in men. That spray was a specific kisspeptin-54 solution made for the study; it says nothing about kisspeptin-10 nasal products sold online. [64] Community reports of those products describe effects that faded quickly. [81] [78]

What about troches, tablets or creams?

FDA's review found that some compounding pharmacies made kisspeptin-10 troches (lozenges that dissolve in the mouth) as well as injections. No study has measured how much kisspeptin reaches the blood from the mouth, the skin or the gut. [8]

How should kisspeptin be stored, and how long does it last?

There is no official storage label, because there is no approved product. What exists are research handling notes, supplier information summarized by FDA, and website claims that disagree. [8]

Powder, before mixing. Kisspeptin is sold as a freeze-dried powder. Supplier documents summarized by FDA said kisspeptin-10 powder is kept at 2–8 °C (fridge temperature) for up to six months and at −20 °C (freezer) for longer, sealed with a drying agent and protected from light because it absorbs moisture and is light-sensitive. Research teams stored freeze-dried kisspeptin-54 at −20 °C. [8] [41]
After mixing. The same FDA summary said reconstituted kisspeptin-10 was reported stable at 2–8 °C but gave no time limit. Websites say to use a mixed vial within 14–21 days or within 28 days. One measured result exists, for a different product: a research kisspeptin-54 nasal solution kept at 4 °C still held about 95% of its starting amount after 60 days, although the spray-device sample lost slightly more than the authors' 5% limit. That chemical test does not show how long a mixed kisspeptin-10 injection stays sterile or usable. [8] [82] [16] [64]
Breakdown. A laboratory analysis found that kisspeptin-10 breaks down by oxidation of one of its amino acids, and a vial bought on the black market was more degraded than a reference sample. A 2026 anti-doping study found all natural kisspeptins broke down quickly in blood and urine samples. [83] [84]

Why do some vials gel or turn cloudy? In one public thread, a person described kisspeptin-10 vials from one kit that gelled after mixing, although an earlier vial from a different seller had not. A commenter suggested mixing it with a weak acetic acid solution instead. Gelled or cloudy vials also come up often in community education groups. Nobody has shown what causes it or whether such a vial is safe to inject, and no published study has tested these practices. FDA's concern about injected peptides that clump together (aggregation) is that clumps can make an immune reaction more likely. [27] [8]

What do we actually know about kisspeptin in people?

More than most research peptides. Kisspeptin has been given to people in dozens of studies since 2005, mostly by academic groups in London, Boston and Edinburgh. Almost all were short: a single dose, an infusion lasting hours, or a schedule lasting days to weeks. They answer "what does kisspeptin do to hormones right now?" far better than "does using it for months help?" [57] [8]

Diagram of research types from cell studies and animal studies to human reports and controlled human trials, showing that each answers a different question. — Cell, animal and human studies answer different questions. For kisspeptin, the hormone effects come from human studies, while the receptor biology and some safety signals come from cell and animal research.

Does kisspeptin raise testosterone in men?

Yes, while it is being given, in men whose system works. In the first human study, six healthy men given a 90-minute infusion of kisspeptin-54 into a vein had average LH levels of 10.8 units per litre, against 4.2 with a salt-water infusion, and testosterone rose modestly. In a kisspeptin-10 study, a single injection into a vein roughly tripled LH within 30 minutes, and in four men a 22.5-hour infusion raised LH from 5.4 to 20.8 units per litre and testosterone from 16.6 to 24.0 nmol/L. [57] [25]

Similar short rises appeared in men with type 2 diabetes and low testosterone (an 11-hour infusion raised testosterone from 8.5 to 11.4 nmol/L in four men) and in healthy older men, although older men's testosterone rose less because their testicles responded less. [85] [86]

These studies measured hours. None tested subcutaneous injections for weeks in men with low testosterone, and none measured how men felt. [8]

Does the effect last with repeated doses?

It depends on the pattern. The first repeated-dose study of kisspeptin-10 in men, published in 2026, used small subcutaneous pumps. When the pump ran for eight hours each day, LH was still raised on day 12, and the authors report that testosterone was maintained through the 12 days. When it ran nonstop, LH was back to placebo levels by day five, although testosterone stayed raised. A separate 24-hour infusion in three men showed LH rising for 12 to 20 hours and then drifting down while the infusion continued. [26] [87]

In women, the longest schedules used kisspeptin-54 injections: twice daily for two weeks in hypothalamic amenorrhea (the response faded), twice weekly for eight weeks in the same condition (a partial response lasted), and twice daily for 21 days in PCOS. [60] [61] [44] See how the schedules compare.

What did IVF trials find?

This is kisspeptin's strongest clinical evidence. In IVF, a trigger injection makes eggs mature before collection. Imperial College London tested one subcutaneous injection of kisspeptin-54 in place of the usual hCG trigger. [41]

First trial (53 women): embryos were transferred in 49 women, 12 became clinically pregnant, and 10 women gave birth to 12 babies. [41]
Women at high risk of OHSS (60 women): eggs matured in 95%, the live-birth rate per embryo transfer was 45%, and none developed moderate or severe OHSS. The most eggs were collected after 12.8 nmol/kg, and pregnancy rates were highest after 9.6 nmol/kg, in small groups. [42]
A second dose (62 women, randomized): a second injection 10 hours after the first increased the share of women with a good egg yield from 45% to 71%. Live births were 6 of 31 versus 12 of 31, but the trial was not designed to compare births. [77]
Compared with other triggers: in a look back at 261 high-risk women at the same London clinic, moderate or severe OHSS occurred in none of the 122 women given kisspeptin, 3% of those given a GnRH-agonist trigger and 37.5% of those given hCG. This was not a randomized comparison. [88]

These results come from one clinic's program, in women having full IVF treatment under close supervision. They are not evidence for kisspeptin-10 injections outside IVF.

What about missing periods or PCOS?

In women with hypothalamic amenorrhea, kisspeptin raised LH and restarted LH pulses while it was given: an 8-hour infusion into a vein increased LH pulses in all five women tested. No study has shown that kisspeptin restores regular periods. [43]

In PCOS, 12 women who were not ovulating received kisspeptin-54 twice daily for 21 days; 2 ovulated, and most of the others had little follicle response. The study was funded by a fertility-drug company. [44] Women with high prolactin (a pituitary hormone that can stop ovulation) produced more LH pulses when given kisspeptin-10 hourly for 10 hours. [89]

Did kisspeptin improve sexual desire in trials?

It changed brain responses in the laboratory. In two randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trials (each person had both kisspeptin and a dummy infusion on different days), 32 premenopausal women and 32 men with hypoactive sexual desire disorder had a 75-minute kisspeptin-54 infusion while viewing sexual images in a brain scanner. [37] [38]

In women, kisspeptin changed activity in brain areas linked to sexual processing and attraction. In men, it changed brain activity and increased penile tumescence (erection swelling) during the images by up to 56% compared with placebo, and men said they felt happier about sex. An earlier study in 29 healthy young men found stronger responses in emotion-related brain areas to sexual and romantic images; LH rose but testosterone did not change during the infusion. No side effects were reported in the women's trial. These were one-off laboratory sessions; none tested whether desire or sexual life improved over time. [37] [38] [90]

Can kisspeptin show why puberty is late?

Research suggests it can. In 16 children with delayed puberty, all 8 who had a clear LH response to a kisspeptin test later went through puberty, and all 8 who had almost no response reached 18 without doing so. In 42 men, a kisspeptin-54 test separated those with a lifelong hormone deficiency from healthy men more accurately than the standard GnRH test. [53] [52] These are diagnostic uses of a single dose in specialist research settings.

What else has been measured?

A 75-minute kisspeptin infusion did not change appetite or the brain's response to food pictures in 27 healthy men, and did not change anxiety, stress hormones, blood pressure or heart rate in 95 men and women pooled from earlier studies. In short infusion studies in healthy men, kisspeptin-54 increased insulin release after a glucose load (15 men) and raised a bone-formation marker, osteocalcin, by up to 20% (26 men). A kisspeptin-10 injection raised oxytocin briefly, more in men than in women. None of these measured a health outcome. [54] [55] [91] [92] [93]

Does a hormone rise mean a better outcome?

Not necessarily. A rise in LH over a few hours, a rise in testosterone, a pregnancy and feeling better are four different outcomes. Most kisspeptin studies measured the first. The IVF trials measured eggs, pregnancies and births; the sexual-desire trials measured brain activity during a scan. No study has measured whether months of kisspeptin-10 injections change energy, libido, fertility or quality of life.

How does kisspeptin work?

Kisspeptin acts at the top of the reproductive hormone chain, called the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Kisspeptin nerve cells in the hypothalamus switch on the kisspeptin receptor on neighbouring cells that release GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone). GnRH travels a short distance to the pituitary gland, which releases LH and FSH into the blood. LH tells the testicles to make testosterone and triggers ovulation; FSH supports sperm production and egg development. [5] [57]

This is why kisspeptin is described as working "upstream": it does not supply testosterone or LH itself. Men whose GnRH-releasing cells never developed properly barely respond to it, and in rats, blocking the GnRH receptor stopped kisspeptin's effects on the testicles. [52] [94]

Conceptual cell-level illustration of kisspeptin molecules binding receptors on a GnRH nerve cell, which releases GnRH toward small blood vessels leading to the pituitary. It is a simplified diagram, not a microscope image. — Kisspeptin binds its receptor on GnRH nerve cells, which then release GnRH into tiny blood vessels that carry it to the pituitary. The receptor details come from cell and animal research; the LH rise that follows has been measured in people.

Why do pulses matter?

The brain normally releases GnRH in pulses, and each pulse shows up in the blood as a pulse of LH. In healthy men, LH pulses came about 0.7 times an hour before a kisspeptin-10 infusion and 1.0 times an hour during it. A signal that never switches off is different: in monkeys, a nonstop kisspeptin-10 infusion made LH rise for a few hours and then fall back despite the infusion continuing, while hourly pulses kept producing LH responses for 48 hours. The fading pattern has now been seen in men too. [25] [95] [96] [26]

The longer-lasting analogue drugs show where continuous exposure leads. Given nonstop, TAK-448 and TAK-683 pushed testosterone down to castration levels in healthy men, which is why these molecules were studied for prostate cancer. [74] [73] That does not mean a kisspeptin-10 injection a few times a week will do the same, but it is why the pattern of dosing is debated so much.

Why don't women respond the same way throughout the cycle?

Women's response depends on their hormone levels. In one study, kisspeptin-54 barely raised LH in the early part of the cycle, raised it strongly just before ovulation, and raised it only slightly after ovulation. Kisspeptin-10 injections produced no response in the early part of the cycle even at high doses, and a kisspeptin-10 injection did not significantly raise LH in four women taking the combined contraceptive pill. [97] [56] [50] This is one reason men and women cannot use the same expectations.

Does kisspeptin act only on reproductive hormones?

Mostly, as far as human studies show. The sexual-desire trials suggest effects on brain areas involved in desire and emotion, and kisspeptin-10 raised oxytocin briefly. Its receptor is also found in blood vessels and the placenta. In a laboratory study of human blood-vessel samples, kisspeptins made vessels constrict, although kisspeptin-54 infusions did not change blood pressure or heart rate in volunteers. During pregnancy, blood levels rise several thousand times over because the placenta makes it, and fall back within days of birth. [38] [93] [98] [99] [100]

What are the risks and unanswered questions?

Is kisspeptin safe?

Its safety for repeated self-use has not been established. In the published studies, kisspeptin was given for hours or days under medical supervision, and few side effects were reported; several papers stated that no adverse events occurred. But FDA's 2024 review noted that many of these studies did not report side effects at all, that the studies were small and short, and that no one had studied kisspeptin-10 given on a fixed schedule for more than one day. [25] [64] [8]

"No problems seen in small groups over hours or days" is useful, but it cannot rule out uncommon effects or effects that take weeks to appear.

What side effects have been reported?

In trial results posted to ClinicalTrials.gov: in a hyperprolactinemia study, headache, skin pain, fatigue and colds were the most common events after kisspeptin-10, with no serious events. In a 16-hour infusion study, events such as skin problems and headache occurred about as often after placebo. In one prolonged pulse study, one participant had rhabdomyolysis (a serious muscle breakdown) after completing the study visits; the record does not say it was caused by kisspeptin. [101] [102] [70]
In IVF trials: the trial registry lists ectopic pregnancies, miscarriages and a stillbirth among women given kisspeptin-54, events that also occur in IVF treatment generally. The record does not say whether kisspeptin caused them. [41] [103]
In FDA's safety database: one adverse-event report through October 2023, a 17-year-old taking compounded kisspeptin-10 at 100 mcg daily for six weeks who reported weight gain and a rise in estrone (a form of estrogen). The report lacked the details needed to judge cause. [8]
In community accounts: injection-site redness, tiredness, poor sleep, anxiety, low mood, tender testicles and, in one woman, severe ovarian pain. These are self-reports without confirmation, and most people were taking other compounds too. [104] [105] [106] [80] [107] [46] See the experience section.

Could kisspeptin overstimulate the testicles or ovaries?

In rats, it can. In an animal study, continuous subcutaneous kisspeptin-54 for 13 days damaged the sperm-producing tubules of the testicles, and a single high dose did too; the damage was blocked when GnRH was blocked, so it came from overstimulating the hormone chain. The researchers warned that doses "must be carefully considered if kisspeptin is to be used therapeutically". Dogs given kisspeptin-10 into a vein daily for 14 days showed no toxicity. No human study has looked for testicular damage. [108] [94] [109]

A separate animal finding concerns blood vessels. In mice bred to develop fatty artery plaques, four weeks of continuous kisspeptin-10 sped up plaque growth and vessel inflammation. FDA's 2024 review called this concerning, with unclear relevance to people; no human study has looked for it. [8]

In women, the IVF trials were built around avoiding ovarian overstimulation, and one woman in a public thread described severe ovarian pain after two weeks of injections. [42] [46] Kisspeptin can also shift the timing of ovulation: in healthy women, twice-daily kisspeptin-54 brought the LH surge forward and shortened the cycle slightly. [62]

Could product quality change the risk?

Yes. Kisspeptin-10 bought online is a "research use only" product without a medicine's quality checks. FDA placed kisspeptin-10 in its Category 2 of compounding ingredients, those raising significant safety risks, on September 29, 2023, citing possible immune reactions for some routes and difficulty controlling peptide impurities and identifying the ingredient. A laboratory analysis found a black-market kisspeptin-10 vial more degraded than a reference sample. [110] [83]

Does kisspeptin cause or prevent cancer?

Neither has been shown. Kisspeptin's gene was discovered because it was switched on in melanoma cells that stopped spreading, and in laboratory work its peptides slowed cancer cell movement. That is cell and animal research, not evidence that injecting kisspeptin prevents cancer. We found no published long-term cancer studies of kisspeptin in animals or people. [1] [3]

Is kisspeptin legal? Is it FDA-approved?

Checked September 23, 2026. Rules differ by country and change quickly. A "research use only" label does not make a product legal to sell or use as a medicine.

United States. No kisspeptin medicine is FDA-approved.

September 29, 2023. FDA placed kisspeptin-10 in Category 2 of its compounding list, the nominated ingredients FDA says raise significant safety risks. It was still there on the list dated May 14, 2026. [110] [111]
October 29, 2024. FDA's advisory committee voted 0 in favour and 11 against adding kisspeptin-10 to the list of ingredients pharmacies may use to make custom medicines, citing a lack of convincing safety and efficacy data. [112]
July 2026. Kisspeptin was not on the agenda when the committee reviewed several other peptides. [113]

Canada. No product containing kisspeptin is listed in Health Canada's drug database. Health Canada seized and warned about unauthorized kisspeptin products in April, August and December 2025. [114] [115] [116] [117]

Australia. Kisspeptin has no named entry in the 2026 Poisons Standard. The Standard does list "hypothalamic releasing factors" as a prescription-only (Schedule 4) group, and no official source we found says whether that group covers kisspeptin. Neither point makes it approved: FDA's 2024 review found no approved kisspeptin-10 product in any country. [118] [8]

New Zealand. A May 21, 2026 Medsafe warning named kisspeptin among unapproved peptides sold online, and says such products are illegal to import, sell or use. [119]

Is kisspeptin banned in sport? Does it show up on a drug test?

Yes, for male athletes. Since January 2024, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has listed "kisspeptin and its agonist analogues" as testosterone-stimulating peptides prohibited in males at all times, in and out of competition. The wording is unchanged in the 2026 and 2027 lists. [120] [121] [122]

Anti-doping laboratories have published urine tests for kisspeptin-10, and a 2026 method covers several kisspeptins and analogues in blood and urine. Because natural kisspeptins break down quickly, researchers have also identified breakdown products that tests can look for. How long kisspeptin stays detectable after a dose has not been published. [83] [84]

Who should be especially cautious?

These groups have no safety data for kisspeptin use outside studies. That is a reason for caution, not proof of harm.

Women who could become pregnant or are trying to. Kisspeptin can move the timing of ovulation, which matters for anyone relying on cycle timing. It did not significantly raise LH in four women on the combined pill, but no study has tested whether it affects contraception. One person in a public thread became pregnant after years of trying; that is a single account, not evidence either way. [62] [50] [45]
Pregnancy and breastfeeding. Not studied. The placenta makes large amounts of kisspeptin naturally, but that says nothing about the safety of injected doses. [100]
Women with PCOS. Only 2 of 12 women ovulated in the one PCOS study, and weeks of kisspeptin-10 in PCOS have not been studied. [44]
Men on TRT. TRT lowers LH and FSH, and no study has tested whether kisspeptin restores those signals or sperm production during TRT. [28] [31]
Anyone with a pituitary or hormone-sensitive condition, including pituitary tumours or hormone-sensitive cancers. Not studied.
Under 18. Only diagnostic single doses in research clinics. This guide is written for adults.
Male athletes. Banned at all times. [121]

Has kisspeptin been tested alongside other medicines?

Hardly. Studies combined it with GnRH tests, with a drug that blocks neurokinin B (another brain signal) and with estrogen, but only to study physiology. No study has tested it alongside TRT, hCG, enclomiphene, weight-loss medicines such as semaglutide or any other drug people commonly combine it with. Bring a complete list of everything you take to a pharmacist or doctor. [123] [51]

Checking combinations before an appointment. Kisspeptin is usually one part of a larger routine that can include TRT, hCG, enclomiphene or weight-loss medicines. Doserly checks your list against known interactions and cautions, and can create a summary of your doses and changes to review with your healthcare practitioner.

What should be monitored while using kisspeptin?

There is no official monitoring plan, because no regulator has approved kisspeptin. What exists is a record of what research studies measured, which shows which markers respond to kisspeptin and which safety checks researchers chose. It can help you prepare questions for a clinician; it is not a personal testing plan.

What did the studies measure?

Hormones, often every 10 to 15 minutes: LH, FSH and testosterone in men; LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone in women, with cycle length followed in women given repeated doses. [25] [62] [26]
Safety checks in a kisspeptin-10 infusion study: blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen levels, liver and kidney function, haemoglobin and blood salts, which stayed stable. [25]
Ovary size and fluid in the abdomen in the IVF studies, where overstimulation was the main risk. [88]
Injection sites and returned vials, checked in a study where women injected themselves at home. [62]

Which signals matter, and why?

Why it matters	What studies measured or flagged	Tracking category
Whether the signal is getting through	LH (and FSH) rise first; testosterone or estradiol follow. A kisspeptin response needs a working pituitary	Blood work
Whether the effect is fading	LH falling back on repeated or continuous dosing	Blood work; Treatment Adherence
Testosterone-related effects	Total testosterone in men; estradiol rose in some public reports	Blood work; Libido; Sexual Function; Energy Levels
Women's cycles	Cycle length and timing of ovulation changed in healthy women	Hormonal Symptoms
Overstimulation	Ovary size and fluid in the abdomen during IVF. Testicular damage was seen in rats and has not been measured in people	Side Effect Burden; Pain Management
Heart and circulation	Blood pressure and heart rate; no change in studies	Blood Pressure; Heart Rate & Palpitations
Mood and sleep	No change in anxiety in pooled studies; poor sleep and anxiety in some public reports	Anxiety; Sleep Quality; Mood & Wellbeing

In published studies, LH responded within minutes to hours, so a single blood test taken at an unknown time after a dose is hard to interpret. [25] In community education groups, educators who discuss testing suggest checking LH, FSH, testosterone and estradiol before starting and a few weeks in; that is practice advice, not a validated schedule.

Seeing whether anything actually changed. Kisspeptin reports mix fast feelings with slow lab changes and other compounds. Doserly lets you log doses, symptoms and lab results side by side, so you and your clinician can see what changed and when.

What do people in public communities report?

Public discussions of kisspeptin come mostly from men: men trying to raise testosterone without TRT, men on TRT hoping to keep their testicles working, and men with persistent sexual side effects after antidepressants or finasteride. Women post less often, usually about fertility, cycles or perimenopause. The accounts are self-reported, often involve several compounds at once, and rarely include timed blood tests. [124] [125]

What do the positive reports look like?

The most consistent positive theme is a fast change in libido and sexual sensation. One man on TRT who injected 250 mcg every other day described a marked rise in libido, sensation and erections in the first week that levelled off by week three. Another described intense libido after three injections of 200 mcg every other day, then said the effect settled back to "about the same". Men on TRT also describe fuller-feeling testicles or larger semen volume, without measurements. [125] [40] [30] [126]

Women's positive reports are fewer: a woman with PCOS who had a period after previously absent ones following a single injection, a woman who reported a pregnancy after three years of trying while injecting 150 mcg three times a week for four weeks, then 200 mcg three times a week for four weeks, and a perimenopausal woman on hormone therapy who felt her hormones were smoother. Each had other things going on, and none can show kisspeptin was the cause. [127] [45] [48]

How long did the effects last?

Often not long. "Made my libido unberably high for a few days then stopped working at all," one person wrote about a nasal product; another said an intranasal effect "burnt out quickly". Several accounts describe early improvement that was gone by week three to eight, which fits the desensitization seen in some studies but could also reflect expectation, the novelty of a new routine or other changes. [39] [81] [78] [125]

What do blood results in these reports show?

Where people posted blood results for kisspeptin on its own, most showed little change. One man took 450 mcg every four days for three weeks and saw total testosterone, free testosterone and LH fall. Another said kisspeptin alone did not change his LH, FSH, testosterone or estradiol. A man who used it for six weeks after stopping TRT said his LH and FSH did not recover, and he switched to hCG and hMG. [22] [23] [35]

Larger rises usually came with something else: one man's testosterone went from the 400s on enclomiphene to the mid-to-upper 700s after adding kisspeptin, and another's semen results improved while he was also taking hCG. Those combinations make it impossible to tell what kisspeptin added. [27] [36]

Does everyone notice a difference?

No. Many accounts describe no effect at all: 100 mcg twice a week for four to five weeks in a woman with hypothalamic amenorrhea, daily injections for 60 days (the person later said they had taken about half the 200 mcg they first reported), a man and his partner who both noticed nothing after a week, and 100 mcg twice daily for three months with no change in blood tests. A man with Kallmann syndrome (a genetic form of GnRH deficiency) who received kisspeptin in a research study recalled no hormone response to any of three injections, which fits the research: kisspeptin needs working GnRH cells below it. [128] [39] [129] [130] [131]

How do people compare it with hCG on TRT?

Opinions split. Some men preferred kisspeptin because hCG had made them anxious or, they felt, raised their estrogen; others found hCG kept their testicles fuller or their semen volume higher and went back to it. One man who replaced hCG with kisspeptin for two to three months said wellbeing, libido and testicle size were all worse, and recovered when he switched back. Two men who measured LH while on TRT and kisspeptin reported it at zero. [127] [132] [133] [33] [31] [32]

What about unwanted effects?

Reports include anxiety and a "wired then tired" feeling that eased after stopping, agitation and emotional flatness after a nasal product, tinnitus and fatigue, tender or swollen testicles, and in one woman severe ovarian pain after two weeks of injections of 33 mcg twice daily. A man with persistent sexual side effects from an antidepressant described months of benefit followed by severe sleep loss, heavy legs and emotional swings, with estradiol rising on his blood tests. [80] [107] [134] [105] [46] [106]

These deserve attention as experiences. They cannot show how often an effect occurs or whether kisspeptin, the product, another drug or something else caused it. The risks section covers what studies and regulators have recorded.

What do community education groups teach?

In the community education groups we reviewed, the practice is similar to the websites: kisspeptin-10 from 5 mg or 10 mg vials, usually 100–300 mcg per injection, either every morning in blocks of four to six weeks or two to three times a week, with breaks justified by desensitization. Educators generally suggest lower amounts (about 50–300 mcg) and fewer injections than members actually use; a minority of members use up to 1 mg. Nobody reported measuring whether a break restored anything.

Mixing problems are the most common practical topic: vials that gel or cloud, blamed on particular batches. The more careful educators grade the evidence for kisspeptin as weak, point out that the human trials mostly used kisspeptin-54, and warn women that it can change ovulation timing; commercial pages in the same groups recommend it for many conditions. Community education material describes practice; it is not evidence that kisspeptin works or is safe.

How can you judge a kisspeptin story?

Useful questions: Was it kisspeptin-10 or a nasal product? How much, how often, and for how long? Was the person on TRT, hCG, enclomiphene or a weight-loss drug at the same time? Was LH measured, and how long after a dose? Did the effect last past the first few weeks? A libido change within a day of the first injection is hard to judge: hormones can shift within hours, but expectation and other treatments can produce the same feeling.

These selected discussions show what people try and what they notice. They are not a survey of all users, a response rate or a substitute for controlled studies.

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Education and discussion, not medical advice.

A learning path for kisspeptin readers

Start with the basics What peptides are, how they are prepared, stored and administered, and the safety questions to ask first.
Understand the hormone chain How the brain, pituitary and testicles or ovaries talk to each other, and where different compounds act.
Plan and track with your care team Turn what you learn into questions, blood tests and a plan you can review with a professional.
Keep the tools close Checklists, tracking templates and quick-reference tables for hormones and bloodwork.

Plus community discussions where members share what they are tracking and what they are still unsure about.

How does kisspeptin compare with gonadorelin, hCG and enclomiphene?

These are the options most often weighed against kisspeptin for raising or keeping a man's own hormone production, and they are sometimes combined. They act at different points in the same chain: kisspeptin above GnRH, gonadorelin on the pituitary, enclomiphene by lifting estrogen's brake on the pituitary, and hCG directly on the testicles. Status checked September 23, 2026.

Option	What it is	Route and schedule in labels, studies or protocol sources	Human evidence	Status
Kisspeptin (this guide)	Brain signal that triggers GnRH release [25]	Subcutaneous injection, 100–200 mcg daily or 2–3 times a week in protocol sources [10] [9]	Short studies show LH and testosterone rise; IVF trigger trials; no studies on TRT [26] [42]	Not approved; FDA Category 2 compounding risk [110]
Gonadorelin	Lab-made copy of GnRH, acting on the pituitary [135]	100 mcg once as a pituitary test (UK label); fertility pumps give it in pulses [135] [136]	Pump treatment in people who cannot make GnRH; no studies on TRT [136]	Prescription medicine in the UK; US human products discontinued [135] [137]
hCG	Copies LH and acts on the testicles directly [138]	Intramuscular injection three times a week for men with low LH and FSH (US label) [138]	Approved for low LH and FSH in men and for fertility treatment [138]	Approved prescription medicine [138]
Enclomiphene	A selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) tablet that raises the pituitary's own LH and FSH [139]	12.5 mg by mouth daily in trials, raised to 25 mg at week 4 for some men [139] [140]	Phase 3 trials: raised testosterone and kept sperm counts, unlike testosterone gel [139]	Not approved in the US; refused marketing authorisation in the EU in 2018 [140] [141]

The real differences are where each acts and how much it has been tested for what. At the same infusion rate in healthy men, GnRH released about three times more LH than kisspeptin-10 and about twice as much as kisspeptin-54. [58] No study has compared these four options in men on TRT or for male fertility, so the table cannot say which works better for those uses. IVF studies in women have compared kisspeptin-54 with other egg-maturation triggers. [88] The practical difference for men on TRT is that kisspeptin, gonadorelin and enclomiphene all work through a brain and pituitary that testosterone therapy suppresses, while hCG does not. [28]

For low sexual desire, the closest approved comparison is a different kind of drug: bremelanotide (PT-141, sold as Vyleesi) is FDA-approved for premenopausal women with acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder, at 1.75 mg by subcutaneous injection as needed, at least 45 minutes before sex. It acts on melanocortin receptors in the brain, not on the reproductive hormone chain, and it has not been compared with kisspeptin. [142] Read the Doserly guide to PT-141.

Common questions about kisspeptin

Is kisspeptin FDA-approved?

No. No kisspeptin medicine is approved in the United States or, according to FDA's 2024 review, anywhere else. FDA lists kisspeptin-10 among compounding ingredients that raise significant safety risks, and its advisory committee voted 11 against and none in favour of letting pharmacies use it. Kisspeptin-54 has been used only as a research drug. [8] [110] [112] See the dated legal status by country.

Is kisspeptin-10 the same as kisspeptin-54?

No. Both come from the same gene and switch on the same receptor, but kisspeptin-10 is a 10-amino-acid fragment whose blood level halves in about 4 minutes, while kisspeptin-54 takes about 28 minutes. Most clinical research, including the IVF and sexual-desire trials, used kisspeptin-54; most products sold online are kisspeptin-10. A result from one cannot be assumed for the other. [56] [57] [41] Why the difference matters for dosing.

Does kisspeptin increase testosterone?

In healthy men, yes, while it is being given: infusions raised LH within minutes and testosterone within hours. Whether flat-dose kisspeptin-10 injections raise testosterone over weeks in men with low testosterone has not been studied, and in a small 2026 pump study, eight hours of infusion a day kept LH raised through day 12 while testosterone was maintained. Public blood results with kisspeptin alone mostly show little change. [25] [26] [22] See what human studies found.

Does daily kisspeptin cause desensitization?

It can, depending on the schedule and the person, but daily kisspeptin-10 injections have not been tested directly. Twice-daily kisspeptin-54 lost most of its effect within two weeks in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea; with a nonstop kisspeptin-10 pump, healthy men's LH was back to placebo levels by day five; and an eight-hour daily pump still worked on day 12. That is why many protocols use two or three injections a week. [60] [26] See how the schedules compare.

Has kisspeptin been shown to improve libido?

Not in everyday life. In two laboratory trials, a single 75-minute kisspeptin-54 infusion changed brain responses to sexual images in women and men with low sexual desire, and increased erection swelling in the men during the scan. Neither trial tested repeated doses or measured desire over the following weeks. Public accounts describe quick libido effects that often faded. [37] [38] [39] See the sexual-desire research.

Is kisspeptin better than hCG on TRT?

There is no evidence that it is. On TRT, the pituitary is suppressed, and kisspeptin works by asking the pituitary for more LH, while hCG acts on the testicles directly. No study has tested kisspeptin alongside TRT. hCG is also why kisspeptin appears in IVF research: kisspeptin-54 was tested as a trigger in place of hCG because it releases the body's own LH, and in one clinic's records it was linked to less ovarian overstimulation. [28] [88] [33] See the comparison table.

How long does kisspeptin take to work?

Hormonally, within minutes: LH roughly tripled 30 minutes after a single kisspeptin-10 injection into a vein in healthy men. How long it takes to notice a difference in daily life has not been studied. Public accounts range from libido changes within a day, which may reflect expectation, to no noticeable effect after months. [25] [40] [130] See how long effects lasted.

Does kisspeptin show up on a drug test?

It can be tested for, and it is banned. WADA has prohibited kisspeptin and its agonist analogues for male athletes at all times since 2024, and anti-doping laboratories have published urine and blood tests for kisspeptin-10 and related peptides. How long it stays detectable after a dose has not been published. [121] [83] [84] See sport rules.

Glossary

Plain explanations of the hormone, route, dosing and research terms used in this guide. Underlined terms in the text link here.

Adverse event: A harmful or unwanted medical event reported after someone used a treatment. A report alone does not prove the treatment caused it.
Aggregation: Peptide molecules clumping together. Clumps can make a product weaker and, when injected, more likely to trigger an immune reaction.
Amino acid: A small chemical building block. Chains of amino acids make up peptides and proteins.
Analogue: A lab-designed molecule modelled on a natural one but changed, often to last longer. MVT-602 (TAK-448) and TAK-683 are kisspeptin analogues.
Animal study: Research in animals such as rats or monkeys. It shows what a substance does in a living body, but results in people can differ.
Bioavailability: How much of a dose reaches the bloodstream in a usable form. It depends heavily on the route. It has not been measured for subcutaneous kisspeptin-10.
Blend: A product that combines kisspeptin with another compound in one vial. The blend's total amount is not its kisspeptin amount.
Cell study (in vitro): Research on cells or tissue samples in a dish. It gives early clues about biology, but it is far from proof of an effect in people.
Compounding: When a pharmacy prepares a customized medicine from individual ingredients. In the US, federal lists control which bulk ingredients pharmacies may use.
Controlled trial: A study that compares people who receive a treatment with a similar group, or the same people on another day, given a placebo or another treatment. Randomly assigning the order or group makes the comparison fairer.
Course and cycle: A course is the period of repeated use, such as six weeks. A cycle is a course plus a planned break before any further use.
Crossover study: A study in which each participant receives both the treatment and the comparison, on different days, so each person acts as their own comparison.
Desensitization (tachyphylaxis): A fading response when a signal is given too often or continuously. With kisspeptin, the LH response shrank with twice-daily injections and nonstop infusions in some studies.
Dose (amount each time): The amount given on one occasion. A protocol lists both the dose and how often it is given.
Estradiol: The main form of estrogen. Women's ovaries make it in response to FSH and LH; in men, some testosterone is converted into it.
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone): A pituitary hormone that supports sperm production in men and egg development in women.
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone): The brain signal that tells the pituitary to release LH and FSH. Kisspeptin triggers its release; gonadorelin is a lab-made copy of it.
Half-life: The time it takes for the measured level of a substance in the blood to fall by half. It is not the same as how long an effect lasts.
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin): A pregnancy hormone used as a prescription medicine. It copies LH and acts directly on the testicles or ovaries.
HPG axis: The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: the chain of signals from the brain's hypothalamus to the pituitary gland to the testicles or ovaries.
Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD): Persistently low sexual desire that causes a person distress, diagnosed by a clinician.
Hypothalamic amenorrhea: Missing periods because the brain has slowed its reproductive signals, often linked to low weight, heavy exercise or stress.
Hypothalamus: A small region at the base of the brain that controls hormones, including the reproductive signals kisspeptin starts.
Intranasal: Given as a spray into the nose.
Intravenous (IV): Given directly into a vein, so it enters the bloodstream immediately. Most kisspeptin research used this route.
Investigational: Still being studied and not approved by a regulator, such as the FDA, to treat any condition.
IVF (in vitro fertilisation): Fertility treatment in which eggs are collected and fertilised in a laboratory before an embryo is transferred to the womb.
Kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R, formerly GPR54): The receptor on GnRH nerve cells that kisspeptin switches on. Faulty copies cause a failure to enter puberty.
Kisspeptin-10: The shortest active form of kisspeptin, 10 amino acids long. It is the version sold online and by some clinics.
Kisspeptin-54: The longest natural form of kisspeptin, 54 amino acids long, also called metastin. It was used in most clinical research, including the IVF trials.
LH (luteinizing hormone): A pituitary hormone that tells the testicles to make testosterone and triggers ovulation in women. A rise in LH is the first sign a blood test can show that kisspeptin has reached the pituitary.
Freeze-dried (lyophilized): Dried by freezing and removing the water, leaving a powder. Kisspeptin is sold this way and mixed with liquid before injection.
mcg and mg: Micrograms and milligrams. 1 mg equals 1,000 mcg. Kisspeptin protocol amounts are usually written in mcg.
nmol/kg: Nanomoles per kilogram of body weight, a way of dosing by the number of molecules rather than their weight. Research doses of kisspeptin are often written this way.
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS): An over-reaction of the ovaries to fertility drugs that causes swelling and fluid build-up and can be dangerous.
PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome): A common hormone condition in women that can cause irregular or absent ovulation.
Peptide: A short chain of amino acids. Kisspeptin-10 is a chain of 10; kisspeptin-54 a chain of 54.
Pharmacokinetics: How the body absorbs, moves, breaks down and removes a substance.
Pituitary gland: A pea-sized gland under the brain that releases LH, FSH and other hormones into the blood.
Placebo: A dummy treatment with no active ingredient, used as a comparison in studies.
Preclinical research: Studies done before or alongside research in people: cell studies and animal studies.
Pulsatile dosing: Giving a hormone in short bursts separated by gaps, the way the brain releases GnRH, usually with a small pump.
Reconstitution: Mixing a freeze-dried powder with a liquid so it can be measured and injected. The amount of liquid sets how much peptide each unit holds.
Research use only: A label on products sold for laboratory research. It does not mean a product is approved, tested for human use or legal to sell as a medicine.
SERM: Selective estrogen receptor modulator: a tablet, such as enclomiphene or clomiphene, that blocks estrogen's brake on the pituitary so it releases more LH and FSH.
Subcutaneous (SC): Injected into the fatty layer just under the skin. This is the route kisspeptin protocol websites describe.
Syringe units: Markings on an insulin syringe that measure volume. On a U-100 syringe, 100 units equal 1 mL. The amount of peptide per unit depends on the vial's concentration.
Titration: Adjusting a dose in steps, usually starting lower and increasing if needed.
TRT (testosterone replacement therapy): Prescribed testosterone for men with low testosterone. It lowers the body's own LH and FSH.
WADA: The World Anti-Doping Agency, which publishes the list of substances banned in sport.
Weekly total: All the amounts given in one week, added together. For example, 100 mcg three times a week is a 300 mcg weekly total.
Withdrawal and rebound: Withdrawal effects are symptoms caused by stopping a substance. A rebound is a problem returning worse than before after stopping. Neither has been studied for kisspeptin.

How this guide was researched

This guide is built from a thorough review of the sources cited throughout it: published scientific studies, registered clinical-trial plans, regulatory documents and published protocol descriptions. We also reviewed public online forums and community education groups where people describe their own experiences with kisspeptin.

The guide cites 144 sources, including 56 original scientific papers. Each type of source answers a different question. Studies show what researchers measured. Protocol descriptions show how kisspeptin is typically used. Personal accounts show what individual people experienced. Every numbered citation links to its entry below, labeled by source type.

How this guide was made

Research and drafting were AI-assisted. Every cited source was checked against the original, and the guide was reviewed and edited by Doserly before publication. It has not had an independent clinical review, and Doserly does not currently have medical reviewers. Doserly makes a medication and health-tracking app and runs Doserly Academy, both of which are promoted in this guide. Read our editorial policy for how guides are researched, updated and corrected.

This guide is for educational purposes. It summarizes what the reviewed sources report so the research is easier to understand; it is not medical advice. For a deeper dive, or to check any point for yourself, go straight to the cited sources.

Explore the sources

These are the documents cited in this guide. Studies, website advice and personal accounts answer different questions. A source being listed does not mean every statement on its page is endorsed.

Evidence typeFind in sources

Showing 144 sources

01
KiSS-1, a novel human malignant melanoma metastasis-suppressor gene ↗
Lee JH et al. · J Natl Cancer Inst · 1996
Cell study
Original abstract reviewed.
02
Nomen est omen: let's get to know kisspeptin ↗
HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine · News article
Institutional article
Article reviewed for the naming account only; not a scientific source.
03
Metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes peptide ligand of a G-protein-coupled receptor ↗
Ohtaki T et al. · Nature · 2001
Laboratory study
Original abstract reviewed.
04
The metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54 ↗
Kotani M et al. · J Biol Chem · 2001
Laboratory study
Original abstract reviewed.
05
The GPR54 gene as a regulator of puberty ↗
Seminara SB et al. · N Engl J Med · 2003
Human study
Original abstract reviewed.
06
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to loss of function of the KiSS1-derived peptide receptor GPR54 ↗
de Roux N et al. · Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · 2003
Human study
Original abstract reviewed.
07
Inactivating KISS1 mutation and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism ↗
Topaloglu AK et al. · N Engl J Med · 2012
Human genetic study
Original abstract reviewed.
08
FDA Evaluation of Kisspeptin-10: briefing document for the October 29, 2024 Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee ↗
US Food and Drug Administration · Oct 2024
Regulator review (US)
Full document reviewed (identity, stability, human exposure, safety database search and conclusions).
09
Kisspeptin Dosage Chart & Schedule Guide ↗
PeptideDeck · Checked 23 Sep 2026
Dosing website
Page text checked against a saved copy; a protocol-source claim, not a tested dose.
10
Kisspeptin-10 Research, Dosing & Protocols ↗
Peptides.ID · Checked 23 Sep 2026
Dosing website
Page text checked against a saved copy; a protocol-source claim, not a tested dose.
11
Kisspeptin Dosage Chart, Schedule & Reconstitution Protocol ↗
PeptideDosage.org · Checked 23 Sep 2026
Dosing website
Page text checked against a saved copy; a protocol-source claim, not a tested dose.
12
Kisspeptin-10 Reconstitution Calculator & Dosage Chart ↗
PeptideTables · Checked 23 Sep 2026
Dosing website
Page text checked against a saved copy; a protocol-source claim, not a tested dose.
13
Kisspeptin-10 (10 mg Vial) — Dosing, Reconstitution & Cycle Guide ↗
JA Performance Peptides · Checked 23 Sep 2026
Dosing website
Page text checked against a saved copy; a protocol-source claim, not a tested dose.
14
Kisspeptin (10 mg Vial) Dosage Protocol ↗
PeptideDosages · Checked 23 Sep 2026
Dosing website
Page text checked against a saved copy; a protocol-source claim, not a tested dose.
15
Kisspeptin-10 Protocol — Dosing, Evidence & Reconstitution ↗
PepGuru · Checked 23 Sep 2026
Dosing website
Page text checked against a saved copy; a protocol-source claim, not a tested dose.
16
Kisspeptin Dosage Chart: 125mcg Daily Before Bed ↗
The Peptide Catalog · Checked 23 Sep 2026
Dosing website
Page text checked against a saved copy; a protocol-source claim, not a tested dose.
17
Testosterone Therapy (TTh) in Males ↗
DUTCH Test-hosted testosterone-therapy presentation · Checked 23 Sep 2026
Clinical presentation (protocol source)
Page text checked against a saved copy; a protocol-source claim, not a tested dose.
18
Kisspeptin-10 - Guide to Peptide ↗
Guide to Peptide · Checked 23 Sep 2026
Dosing website
Page text checked against a saved copy; a protocol-source claim, not a tested dose.
19
Kisspeptin-10 10mg: Eje HPG y Fertilidad ↗
Bionic Pharma Labs · Checked 23 Sep 2026
Dosing website
Page text checked against a saved copy; a protocol-source claim, not a tested dose.
20
Kisspeptin Dosage Guide: Fertility Protocols ↗
PeptideWiki · Checked 23 Sep 2026
Dosing website
Page text checked against a saved copy; a protocol-source claim, not a tested dose.
21
Kisspeptin Dosing Calculator ↗
Peptide Protocol Wiki · Checked 23 Sep 2026
Dosing website
Page text checked against a saved copy; a protocol-source claim, not a tested dose.
22
Kisspeptin-10 results after 3 weeks.. ↗
Reddit · r/Peptides · Thread: 14 Nov 2024
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
23
Did kisspeptin increase testosterone? ↗
Reddit · r/BodyHackGuide
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
24
Kisspeptin seems to be working ↗
Reddit · r/Peptides · Thread: 17 Jun 2026
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
25
Kisspeptin-10 is a potent stimulator of LH and increases pulse frequency in men ↗
George JT et al. · J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2011
Human study
Selected original full-text sections reviewed.
26
Chronic subcutaneous kisspeptin-10 stimulates gonadotropin secretion for 12 days in healthy men ↗
Yeung AC et al. · Eur J Endocrinol · 2026
Human study
Original abstract reviewed.
27
Kisspeptin gelling badly ↗
Reddit · r/ResearchCompounds · Thread: 13 Mar 2026
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
28
Sex steroid control of gonadotropin secretion in the human male. I. Effects of testosterone administration in normal and gonadotropin-releasing hormone-deficient men ↗
Finkelstein JS et al. · J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 1991
Human study
Original abstract reviewed; testosterone infusion lowered LH and LH pulse frequency in normal men.
29
Clinic swapped out HCG for a kisspeptin + gonadorelin combo. Is the combo safe/effective? ↗
Reddit · r/trt · Thread: 26 Jul 2022
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
30
Kisspeptin-10 dosing ↗
Reddit · r/Testosterone · Thread: 1 Sep 2022
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
31
Tried switching out HCG for Kisspeptin, here are my labs ↗
Reddit · r/Peptides · Thread: 1 Mar 2021
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
32
My kisspeptin 10 experience ↗
ThinkSteroids forum · Oct 2020
Community account
Public thread read; usernames removed.
33
Source for Kisspeptin-10 ↗
Reddit · r/Peptides · Thread: 21 Dec 2020
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
34
Why isn’t kisspeptin 10 approved by FDA yet ? ↗
Reddit · r/Peptides · Thread: 8 Oct 2024
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
35
Tried Kisspeptin-10 to restore LH/FSH ↗
Reddit · r/Peptides · Thread: 15 Dec 2024
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
36
TRT for 2 full years (300 mg Test/week + Proviron) — my semen analysis BEFORE vs AFTER adding HCG 1000 IU EOD + HMG 75 IU EOD + Kisspeptin 500 mcg (huge recovery in just 2 months) ↗
Reddit · r/maleinfertility · Thread: 7 Apr 2026
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
37
Effects of Kisspeptin Administration in Women With Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. ↗
Thurston L et al. · JAMA Netw Open · 2022
Human study
Original abstract reviewed.
38
Effects of Kisspeptin on Sexual Brain Processing and Penile Tumescence in Men With Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. ↗
Mills EG et al. · JAMA Netw Open · 2023
Human study
Original abstract reviewed.
39
Kisspeptin 10 been using everyday for 60 days ↗
Reddit · r/PSSD
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
40
Kisspeptin 10 ↗
Reddit · r/Biohackers · Thread: 24 Mar 2026
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
41
Kisspeptin-54 triggers egg maturation in women undergoing in vitro fertilization ↗
Jayasena CN et al. · J Clin Invest · 2014
Human study
Selected original full-text sections reviewed.
42
Efficacy of Kisspeptin-54 to Trigger Oocyte Maturation in Women at High Risk of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) During In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Therapy ↗
Abbara A et al. · J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2015
Human study
Original abstract reviewed.
43
Increasing LH Pulsatility in Women With Hypothalamic Amenorrhoea Using Intravenous Infusion of Kisspeptin-54 ↗
Jayasena CN et al. · J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2014
Human study
Selected original full-text sections reviewed.
44
Kisspeptin treatment induces gonadotropic responses and rescues ovulation in a subset of preclinical models and women with polycystic ovary syndrome ↗
Romero-Ruiz A et al. · Hum Reprod · 2019
Human study (with animal experiments)
Selected original full-text sections reviewed; the human pilot is the part cited here.
45
Kisspeptin-10 and fertility ↗
Reddit · r/Biohackers · Thread: 5 Jun 2026
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
46
Warning: Kisspeptin-10 overstimulated my ovaries ↗
Reddit · r/Biohackers · Thread: 21 Aug 2026
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
47
Kisspeptin-10 ↗
Reddit · r/PCOS · Thread: 8 Mar 2026
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
48
kisspeptin experience? opinion? research? ↗
Reddit · r/ResearchCompounds · Thread: 12 Aug 2026
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
49
Kisspeptin ↗
Reddit · r/PeptideForum · Thread: 1 Jan 2026
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
50
Kisspeptin-10 stimulation of gonadotrophin secretion in women is modulated by sex steroid feedback ↗
George JT et al. · Hum Reprod · 2012
Human study
Original abstract reviewed.
51
Continuous Kisspeptin Administration in Postmenopausal Women: Impact of Estradiol on Luteinizing Hormone Secretion. ↗
Lippincott MF et al. · J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2017
Human study
Original abstract reviewed.
52
Kisspeptin-54 Accurately Identifies Hypothalamic Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuronal Dysfunction in Men with Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism ↗
Abbara A et al. · Neuroendocrinology · 2021
Human study
Original abstract reviewed.
53
Using Kisspeptin to Predict Pubertal Outcomes for Youth With Pubertal Delay. ↗
Chan YM et al. · J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2020
Human study
Original abstract reviewed.
54
The Effects of Kisspeptin on Brain Response to Food Images and Psychometric Parameters of Appetite in Healthy Men ↗
Yang L et al. · J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2021
Human study
Original abstract reviewed.
55
Kisspeptin Administration Stimulates Reproductive Hormones but Does Not Affect Anxiety in Humans. ↗
Mills EG et al. · J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2025
Human study (secondary analysis)
Original abstract reviewed.
56
The effects of kisspeptin-10 on reproductive hormone release show sexual dimorphism in humans ↗
Jayasena CN et al. · J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2011
Human study
Selected original full-text sections reviewed.
57
Kisspeptin-54 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis in human males ↗
Dhillo WS et al. · J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2005
Human study
Original abstract reviewed.
58
Direct comparison of the effects of intravenous kisspeptin-10, kisspeptin-54 and GnRH on gonadotrophin secretion in healthy men ↗
Jayasena CN et al. · Hum Reprod · 2015
Human study
Original abstract reviewed.
59
Kisspeptin-10 Protocol - Dosing & Research ↗
PeptaBase · Checked 23 Sep 2026
Dosing website
Page text checked against a saved copy; a protocol-source claim, not a tested dose.
60
Subcutaneous injection of kisspeptin-54 acutely stimulates gonadotropin secretion in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea, but chronic administration causes tachyphylaxis ↗
Jayasena CN et al. · J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2009
Human study
Original abstract reviewed.
61
Twice-weekly administration of kisspeptin-54 for 8 weeks stimulates release of reproductive hormones in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea ↗
Jayasena CN et al. · Clin Pharmacol Ther · 2010
Human study
Original abstract reviewed.
62
Twice-Daily Subcutaneous Injection of Kisspeptin-54 Does Not Abolish Menstrual Cyclicity in Healthy Female Volunteers ↗
Jayasena CN et al. · J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2013
Human study
Selected original full-text sections reviewed.
63
Kisspeptin-10 dosing, units and lab results ↗
T&J Wellness Circle · Checked 23 Sep 2026
Dosing website
Page text checked against a saved copy; a protocol-source claim, not a tested dose.
64
Intranasal kisspeptin administration rapidly stimulates gonadotropin release in humans ↗
Mills EG et al. · EBioMedicine · 2025
Human study
Selected original full-text sections reviewed.
65
Kisspeptin Dosage Protocol ↗
Everything Peptide · Checked 23 Sep 2026
Dosing website
Page text checked against a saved copy; a protocol-source claim, not a tested dose.
66
Kisspeptin Protocol Guide: The Complete Physician-Supervised Approach to Hormonal & Fertility Support ↗
Hatter Labs · Checked 23 Sep 2026
Dosing website
Page text checked against a saved copy; a protocol-source claim, not a tested dose.
67
Kisspeptin Administration Subcutaneously to Patients With IHH ↗
ClinicalTrials.gov · Last update 13 Jul 2026
Registered study plan
Registry record reviewed; recruiting, estimated 36 participants, no results posted.
68
Kisspeptin Administration Subcutaneously to Patients With Hypothalamic Amenorrhea ↗
ClinicalTrials.gov · Last update 13 Jul 2026
Registered study plan
Registry record reviewed; recruiting, estimated 20 participants, no results or per-pulse dose posted.
69
Kisspeptin Administration Subcutaneously to Patients With Reproductive Disorders ↗
ClinicalTrials.gov · Last update 3 Oct 2025
Registered study plan
Registry record reviewed; completed, 13 participants, no results posted.
70
Prolonged Pulsatile Kisspeptin Administration in Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism ↗
ClinicalTrials.gov · Massachusetts General Hospital · Last update 26 Aug 2026
Registered study with posted results
Registry record and posted results reviewed, including the adverse-event tables.
71
Kisspeptin Administration in the Adult ↗
ClinicalTrials.gov · Massachusetts General Hospital · Last update 31 Jul 2024
Registered study plan
Registry record reviewed; completed, 256 enrolled, no results posted on the registry.
72
Reproductive Hormones During Sustained Administration of Kisspeptin ↗
ClinicalTrials.gov · Imperial College London · Last update 19 Sep 2024
Registered study plan
Registry record reviewed; still listed as recruiting despite a 2014 start, so the status is probably out of date.
73
Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of TAK-683, an investigational metastin analogue in healthy men. ↗
Scott G et al. · Br J Clin Pharmacol · 2013
Human study
Original abstract reviewed.
74
Sustained exposure to the investigational Kisspeptin analog, TAK-448, down-regulates testosterone into the castration range in healthy males and in patients with prostate cancer: results from two phase 1 studies. ↗
MacLean DB et al. · J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2014
Human study
Original abstract reviewed.
75
Kisspeptin receptor agonist has therapeutic potential for female reproductive disorders ↗
Abbara A et al. · J Clin Invest · 2020
Human study (analogue)
Selected original full-text sections reviewed.
76
Q1 FY2023 financial results briefing: transcript ↗
Sumitomo Pharma · 31 Jul 2023
Company statement
Full transcript reviewed; states that development of MVT-602 for infertility in Germany was discontinued.
77
A second dose of kisspeptin-54 improves oocyte maturation in women at high risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a Phase 2 randomized controlled trial ↗
Abbara A et al. · Hum Reprod · 2017
Human study
Selected original full-text sections reviewed.
78
Kisspeptin is doing something ↗
Reddit · r/PSSD
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
79
Anyone have experience taking TRT, HCG and Kisspeptin together? ↗
Reddit · r/Testosterone · Thread: 15 May 2026
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
80
HCG and Kisspeptin side effects? ↗
Reddit · r/Testosterone · Thread: 27 Dec 2022
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
81
KISSPEPTIN question ↗
Reddit · r/Peptides · Thread: 11 Jul 2026
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
82
Kisspeptin-10 Injection Dosage & Protocol ↗
Peptide Initiative · Checked 23 Sep 2026
Dosing website
Page text checked against a saved copy; a protocol-source claim, not a tested dose.
83
Investigating the detection of the novel doping-relevant peptide kisspeptin-10 in urine using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry ↗
Colpaert T et al. · Biomed Chromatogr · 2024
Laboratory study
Original abstract reviewed.
84
Analysis and Characterization of Kisspeptin and Its Analogues in Serum and Urine Samples by Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Doping Control Purposes ↗
Krombholz S et al. · Drug Test Anal · 2026
Laboratory study
Original abstract reviewed.
85
Exploring the pathophysiology of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes: kisspeptin-10 stimulates serum testosterone and LH secretion in men with type 2 diabetes and mild biochemical hypogonadism. ↗
George JT et al. · Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) · 2013
Human study
Original abstract reviewed.
86
Hypothalamic Response to Kisspeptin-54 and Pituitary Response to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Are Preserved in Healthy Older Men. ↗
Abbara A et al. · Neuroendocrinology · 2018
Human study
Original abstract reviewed.
87
Dynamic modulation of LH secretion by continuous kisspeptin infusion in healthy men ↗
Naveed A et al. · Hormones (Athens) · 2026
Human study
Original abstract reviewed.
88
Clinical parameters of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome following different hormonal triggers of oocyte maturation in IVF treatment. ↗
Abbara A et al. · Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) · 2018
Human cohort (retrospective)
Selected original full-text sections reviewed.
89
Kisspeptin Overcomes GnRH Neuronal Suppression Secondary to Hyperprolactinemia in Humans. ↗
Hoskova K et al. · J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2022
Human study
Original abstract reviewed.
90
Kisspeptin modulates sexual and emotional brain processing in humans ↗
Comninos AN et al. · J Clin Invest · 2017
Human study
Original abstract and selected full-text sections reviewed.
91
The effects of kisspeptin on β-cell function, serum metabolites and appetite in humans ↗
Izzi-Engbeaya C et al. · Diabetes Obes Metab · 2018
Human study
Selected original full-text sections reviewed.
92
Acute Effects of Kisspeptin Administration on Bone Metabolism in Healthy Men. ↗
Comninos AN et al. · J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2022
Human study
Selected original full-text sections reviewed.
93
Sex-dependent increases in oxytocin levels in response to intravenous kisspeptin in humans ↗
Galbiati F et al. · Eur J Endocrinol · 2025
Human study (secondary analysis)
Original abstract reviewed.
94
Kisspeptin-54 at high doses acutely induces testicular degeneration in adult male rats via central mechanisms ↗
Thompson EL et al. · Br J Pharmacol · 2009
Animal study
Original abstract reviewed.
95
Continuous human metastin 45-54 infusion desensitizes GPR54-induced GnRH release in the juvenile male Rhesus monkey ↗
Seminara SB et al. · Endocrinology · 2006
Animal study
Original abstract reviewed.
96
Repetitive activation of hypothalamic G protein-coupled receptor 54 with intravenous pulses of kisspeptin in the juvenile monkey ↗
Plant TM et al. · Endocrinology · 2006
Animal study
Original abstract reviewed.
97
Kisspeptin-54 stimulates gonadotropin release most potently during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle in women. ↗
Dhillo WS et al. · J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2007
Human study
Original abstract reviewed.
98
Kisspeptins are novel potent vasoconstrictors in humans, with a discrete localization of their receptor to atherosclerosis-prone vessels ↗
Mead EJ et al. · Endocrinology · 2007
Laboratory study (human tissue)
Original abstract reviewed.
99
The effects of kisspeptin-54 on blood pressure in humans and plasma kisspeptin concentrations in hypertensive diseases of pregnancy ↗
Nijher GM et al. · Br J Clin Pharmacol · 2010
Human study (secondary analysis)
Original abstract reviewed.
100
Dramatic elevation of plasma metastin concentrations in human pregnancy: metastin as a novel placenta-derived hormone in humans ↗
Horikoshi Y et al. · J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2003
Human study (observational)
Original abstract reviewed; about 1.3 fmol/mL outside pregnancy versus 9,590 fmol/mL in the third trimester.
101
Administration of Kisspeptin in Patients With Hyperprolactinemia ↗
ClinicalTrials.gov · Massachusetts General Hospital · Last update 1 Oct 2024
Registered study with posted results
Registry record and posted results reviewed, including the adverse-event tables.
102
Evaluation of Kisspeptin Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion With Oral Glucose Tolerance Test ↗
ClinicalTrials.gov · Last update 6 Mar 2026
Registered study with posted results
Registry record and posted results reviewed, including the adverse-event tables.
103
The Use of the Hormone Kisspeptin in 'in Vitro Fertilisation' (IVF) Treatment ↗
ClinicalTrials.gov · Imperial College London · Last update 8 Jun 2021
Registered study with posted results
Registry record and posted results reviewed; serious events listed are IVF and pregnancy outcomes, with no causality judgement recorded.
104
My Kisspeptin Results ↗
Reddit · r/ResearchCompounds · Thread: 30 Dec 2025
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
105
Kisspeptin ↗
Reddit · r/PeptideDiscussion · Thread: 9 Nov 2025
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
106
Quick update regarding my Kisspeptin-10 journey. ↗
Reddit · r/PSSD · Thread: 21 Apr 2025
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
107
Kisspeptin feel worse ↗
Reddit · r/Peptides · Thread: 22 Dec 2024
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
108
Chronic subcutaneous administration of kisspeptin-54 causes testicular degeneration in adult male rats ↗
Thompson EL et al. · Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab · 2006
Animal study
Original abstract reviewed.
109
Safety Evaluation of KP-10 (Metastin 45–54) Following Once Daily Intravenous Administration for 14 Days in Dog ↗
Terse PS et al. · Int J Toxicol · 2021
Animal study
Original abstract reviewed.
110
Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding May Present Significant Safety Risks ↗
US Food and Drug Administration · Content current as of 22 Apr 2026
Regulator page (US)
Full page reviewed; lists kisspeptin-10 in Category 2 from 29 Sep 2023.
111
Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503A ↗
US Food and Drug Administration · List updated 14 May 2026
Regulator list (US)
Full list reviewed; kisspeptin-10 appears under Category 2.
112
Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee, October 29, 2024: final summary minutes ↗
US Food and Drug Administration · 2024
Regulator minutes (US)
Full minutes reviewed; vote 0 yes, 11 no on kisspeptin-10.
113
July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee ↗
US Food and Drug Administration · Checked 23 Sep 2026
Regulator page (US)
Meeting page reviewed; kisspeptin was not on the July 2026 agenda.
114
Drug Product Database: active-ingredient search for kisspeptin and metastin ↗
Health Canada · Searched 23 Sep 2026
Regulator database (Canada)
Both searches returned no products. A negative search, not a legal ruling.
115
Unauthorized injectable peptide drugs seized from Optimum Wellness Centre in Calgary, Alberta ↗
Health Canada · Last updated 2 Apr 2025
Regulator advisory (Canada)
Full advisory reviewed; kisspeptin products are named among unauthorized products.
116
Unauthorized injectable peptide drugs seized and sold by Canada Peptide may pose serious health risks ↗
Health Canada · Last updated 1 Aug 2025
Regulator advisory (Canada)
Full advisory reviewed; kisspeptin products are named among unauthorized products.
117
Unauthorized health products sold online and seized at Rize Fitness may pose serious health risks ↗
Health Canada · Last updated 24 Dec 2025
Regulator advisory (Canada)
Full advisory reviewed; kisspeptin products are named among unauthorized products.
118
Therapeutic Goods (Poisons Standard—June 2026) Instrument 2026 ↗
Australian Government · Federal Register of Legislation · 2026
Legislation (Australia)
Full text searched; no entry for kisspeptin. A negative search, not an authorization.
119
Consumer advisory: Unapproved peptide products health warning ↗
Medsafe · 21 May 2026
Regulator advisory (New Zealand)
Full advisory reviewed; names kisspeptin among unapproved peptides sold online.
120
2024 Prohibited List: Summary of Major Modifications and Explanatory Notes ↗
World Anti-Doping Agency · Sep 2023 (in force 1 Jan 2024)
Anti-doping rules (explanatory notes)
Full document reviewed; records the addition of kisspeptin and its agonist analogues to S2.2.1.
121
The 2026 Prohibited List ↗
World Anti-Doping Agency · Sep 2025 (in force 1 Jan 2026)
Anti-doping rules
Full list reviewed; kisspeptin listed under S2.2.1, prohibited at all times in males.
122
The 2027 Prohibited List ↗
World Anti-Doping Agency · Aug 2026 (in force 1 Jan 2027)
Anti-doping rules
Full list reviewed; same kisspeptin wording as 2026.
123
Interactions Between Neurokinin B and Kisspeptin in Mediating Estrogen Feedback in Healthy Women ↗
Skorupskaite K et al. · J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2016
Human study
Selected original full-text sections reviewed.
124
Anyone succeeding in increasing T with Kisspeptin while on TRT ↗
ExcelMale forum · Checked 23 Sep 2026
Community account
Public thread read; usernames removed.
125
Kiss-10 vs. HCG - My experience ↗
Reddit · r/Peptides · Thread: 31 Mar 2024
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
126
Enclomiphene or Kisspeptin-10? ↗
Reddit · r/Testosterone · Thread: 6 Nov 2025
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
127
Kisspeptin ↗
Reddit · r/Peptides · Thread: 24 May 2026
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
128
Kisspeptin peptide for Hypothalamic Amenorrhea ↗
Reddit · r/Biohacking
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
129
Kisspeptin doing nothing for me ↗
Reddit · r/Peptides · Thread: 8 Dec 2025
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
130
Kisspeptin-10 for boosting testosterone, a few questions ↗
Reddit · r/Testosterone · Thread: 22 Feb 2025
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
131
Kisspeptin ↗
Reddit · r/kallmann_syndrome · Thread: 24 Sep 2023
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
132
Kisspeptin-10 ↗
Reddit · r/Peptides · Thread: 5 Apr 2023
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
133
Experience with kisspeptin? ↗
Reddit · r/Peptides · Thread: 6 Apr 2024
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
134
Ginkgo biloba helping more than kisspeptin! ↗
Reddit · r/PSSD · Thread: 6 Mar 2025
Community account
Public thread and its available comments read; usernames removed.
135
Gonadorelin 100 micrograms powder for solution for injection (HRF): summary of product characteristics ↗
Esteve Pharmaceuticals · electronic Medicines Compendium · Text revised 30 Aug 2022
Product label (UK)
Label reviewed for the test dose and use.
136
Spermatogenesis of male patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism receiving pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy versus gonadotropin therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis ↗
Wei C et al. · World J Mens Health · 2021
Systematic review and meta-analysis
Original abstract reviewed.
137
Orange Book discontinued drug product list: Factrel (gonadorelin hydrochloride), NDA 018123 ↗
US Food and Drug Administration · Orange Book, 40th edition (2020)
Regulator record (US)
List entry reviewed.
138
PREGNYL (chorionic gonadotropin for injection, USP) ↗
Organon · DailyMed · 2 Dec 2025
Product label (US)
Label reviewed for indications, route and dosing in men.
139
Oral enclomiphene citrate raises testosterone and preserves sperm counts in obese hypogonadal men, unlike topical testosterone: restoration instead of replacement ↗
Kim ED, McCullough A, Kaminetsky J · BJU Int · 2016
Human trial (randomized)
Original abstract reviewed; two phase 3 trials of 16 weeks.
140
FDA briefing document: enclomiphene citrate (Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee) ↗
US Food and Drug Administration · 2022
Regulator review (US)
Document reviewed for approval status: no FDA-approved enclomiphene citrate product.
141
Questions and answers on the refusal of the marketing authorisation for EnCyzix (enclomifene) ↗
European Medicines Agency · 26 Jan 2018
Regulator decision (EU)
Document reviewed.
142
VYLEESI (bremelanotide injection): prescribing information ↗
US Food and Drug Administration · Approved 2019
Product label (US)
Label reviewed for indication, dose and route.
143
Paradigm changes for kisspeptin physiology: Reversible hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and successful at-term pregnancies in two unrelated families harboring original homozygous frameshift KISS1 mutations ↗
Zaegel N et al. · Ann Endocrinol (Paris) · 2026
Human case series
Original abstract reviewed. Not indexed in PubMed as of September 2026 (found through ScienceDirect). A report on four affected people in two families; it cannot show how often recovery happens.
144
Reversal of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in two brothers carrying a homozygous KISS1 frameshift mutation ↗
Coutant R et al. · Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol · 2025
Human case report
Full report on the brothers from one of the two families in [143]; full text reviewed.

Updates and corrections

Updated September 23, 2026. This version replaces the earlier kisspeptin page with a full guide. It adds typical protocols with their sources, where protocols differ, what happens when people stop, storage, what studies monitored, dated legal status for the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, sport rules, community experiences and a comparison with gonadorelin, hCG and enclomiphene. It also corrects the earlier page: the 0.4 nmol/kg figure came from a menstrual-cycle study, not the IVF trigger trials; the PCOS study doses started at 3.2 nmol/kg; and registry entries now show their current status and posted results. The date describes this revision, not a fresh check of every source.

Revised September 26, 2026. A further source check clarified three points: with a nonstop pump, LH was back to placebo levels by day five; blood levels after subcutaneous kisspeptin-10 have been measured, but its bioavailability has not; and Australia's Poisons Standard has a prescription-only group for hypothalamic releasing factors that may or may not cover kisspeptin.

Updated September 27, 2026. Added a 2026 report on two families with a faulty kisspeptin gene, and the 2025 full report on the two brothers, to what kisspeptin is: two of three affected brothers regained reproductive hormone function and a woman had two pregnancies after GnRH treatment. These are small reports on four affected people and cannot show how often this happens. Earlier citation numbers are unchanged; the new sources are numbers 143 and 144.

Found an error or a relevant study we missed? Report a correction with the guide title, the specific passage and a supporting source if available. Please leave out personal health records. See our editorial policy for how we handle attribution, evidence limits and corrections.

About this guide

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